There is a fascinating, counterintuitive warning (late in the book), that women in abusive situations should not seek couples' counseling. Economical cost in Middle East and North Africa was 16.92 billion dollars. [73] Weinstein et al. [73] Even informal therapies that address understanding and accepting of non-heterosexual orientations can prove effective. [47], In medieval Europe, homosexuality was considered sodomy and it was punishable by death. They only seem true because we’ve decided so. Persecutions reached their height during the Medieval Inquisitions, when the sects of Cathars and Waldensians were accused of fornication and sodomy, alongside accusations of Satanism. Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, Kt PC QC (/ ˈ b eɪ k ən /; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England.His works are seen as developing the scientific method and remained influential through the scientific revolution.. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. Other laws were used to prosecute homosexual people and they were "charged with hooliganism or disturbing public order."[53]. Taking into account that in 2015 homosexuality is still illegal in 36 of the 54 African countries, the money loss due to homophobia in the continent could amount to hundreds of millions of dollars every year. [134], The Merriam-Webster dictionary of the English language defines heterophobia as "irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against heterosexual people. [99][102][103], The LGBT activist Adebisi Alimi, in a preliminary estimation, has calculated that the economic loss due to homophobia in Nigeria is about 1% of its GDP. "[95] One study of white adolescent males conducted at the University of Cincinnati by Janet Baker[which?] Christians and Jews who oppose homosexuality often cite such passages; historical context and interpretation is more complicated. [93], Homophobia also varies by region; statistics show that the Southern United States has more reports of anti-gay prejudice than any other region in the US. religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia, and internalized homophobia, experienced by people who have same-sex attractions, regardless of how they identify. By: ... It’s true your marriage has a giant hole in it and needs a reset in several areas. [101] In total, she estimated for 2014 in India a loss of up to 30,800 million dollars, or 1.7 % of the Indian GDP. Exegetically, the appeal to Exodus 22:16, suggesting that sex “leads to marriage” rather than coming after, and thus not posing a barrier to a man and woman committed to each other exclusively, but not united by a marriage covenant, to have a sexual relationship is a strained and perverse reading of that passage. [125], In 2012 the Associated Press Stylebook was revised to advise against using non-clinical words with the suffix -phobia, including homophobia, in "political and social contexts". thou art too dear for my possessing" Sonnet 94 - "They that have power to hurt and will do none" Sonnet 116 - "Let me not to the marriage of true minds" Sonnet 126 - "O thou, my lovely boy, who in thy power" Sonnet 129 - "The expense of spirit in a waste of shame" The statement, however, was addressed to reject a resolution by the UN Assembly that would have precisely called for an end of penalties against homosexuals in the world. Despite there being no law in the communist People's Republic against homosexuality, "police regularly rounded up gays and lesbians." One last note. [109], One form of organized resistance to homophobia is the International Day Against Homophobia (or IDAHO),[110] first celebrated May 17, 2005, in related activities in more than 40 countries. [114] Furthermore, Blumenfeld in particular stated: "Anti-gay bias causes young people to engage in sexual behavior earlier in order to prove that they are straight. Task & Purpose provides military news, culture, and analysis by and for the military and veterans community. [124] Philosopher Gary Colwell stated in 1999 that "the boundary of the term 'homophobia' is made so elastic that it can stretch around, not just phobias, but every kind of rational fear as well; and not just around every kind of fear, but also around every critical posture or idea that anyone may have about the practice of homosexuality". This disparity is shown in the graph on the right, which is from a book published in 2008 by Joseph Fried. [104], A newer study from March 2018 done by The Williams Institute (UCLA School of Law) concludes that there is a positive correlation between LGBT inclusion and GDP per capita. [60] He told an audience: "If you see people parading themselves as lesbians and gays, arrest them and hand them over to the police! • Stephen M. White and Louis R. Franzini introduced the related term heteronegativism to refer to the considerable range of negative feelings that some gay individuals may hold and express toward heterosexuals. Tonya Flowers ENG 104, Prof. C. Agatucci Midterm Literary Analysis Paper 29 October 2003. After their fall, homosexuality was reduced from a capital crime to one that is punished with fines and prison sentences. In 2008, the Roman Catholic Church issued a statement which "urges States to do away with criminal penalties against [homosexual persons]." [14] Some researchers also apply this label to LGBT people who support "compromise" policies, such as those that find civil unions acceptable in place of same-sex marriage. On top, there would be costs caused by violence, workplace loss, rejection of the family, and bullying at school, that would result in a lower education level, lower productivity, lower wages, worse health, and a lower life expectancy among the LGBT population. [1][2][3] It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred or antipathy, may be based on irrational fear and ignorance, and is often related to religious beliefs. Warren J. Blumenfeld argues that this emotion gains a dimension beyond itself, as a tool for extreme right-wing conservatives and fundamentalist religious groups and as a restricting factor on gender-relations as to the weight associated with performing each role accordingly. [106], Most international human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime. Internalized homophobia can cause discomfort with and disapproval of one's own sexual orientation. In 1307, accusations of sodomy and homosexuality were major charges leveled during the Trial of the Knights Templar. Other expressions of internalized homophobia can also be subtle. [48] The theologian Thomas Aquinas was influential in linking condemnations of homosexuality with the idea of natural law, arguing that "special sins are against nature, as, for instance, those that run counter to the intercourse of male and female natural to animals, and so are peculiarly qualified as unnatural vices. Anti-gay bias contributed significantly to the spread of the AIDS epidemic. Under no circumstances can they be approved."[36]. The stronger they are, the more they seem unshakable, and the more we will find evidence to support them. [90] At least 445 LGBT Brazilians were either murdered or committed suicide in 2017. Homosexuals in the DPRK have never been subject to repression, as in many capitalist regimes around the world. [52] When Mao Zedong came to power, the government thought of homosexuality as "social disgrace or a form of mental illness", and "[d]uring the cultural revolution (1966–76), people who were homosexual faced their worst period of persecution in Chinese history." Sonnet 116: Let me not to the marriage of true minds. [29] In 2015, attorney and author Roberta Kaplan stated that Kim Davis "is the clearest example of someone who wants to use a religious liberty argument to discriminate [against same-sex couples]. [126][127] The AP's decision was criticized in some media outlets, especially those in the LGBT area,[128] who argued that homophobia did not necessarily have to be interpreted in a strict clinical sense.[129][130]. [68] Many diagnostic "Internalized Homophobia Scales" can be used to measure a person's discomfort with their sexuality and some can be used by people regardless of gender or sexual orientation. the first Triennial Review", "Violent deaths of LGBT people in Brazil hit all-time high", "Police Judgments of Culpability and Homophobia", "Homophobia, racism likely companions, study shows", "Majority support gay equality rights, poll finds", "The global divide on homosexuality: greater acceptance in more secular and affluent countries", "The Hidden Cost of Homophobia in Africa", "What Homophobia Costs a Country's Economy", "A socioecological measurement of homophobia for all countries and its public health impact", "Links between economic development and new measures of LGBT inclusion", "Statement of the Holy See Delegation at the 63rd Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on the Declaration on Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity", "Council of Europe to advance human rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons", Towards an international Day against Homophobia, 1st Annual International Day Against Homophobia to be Celebrated in over 40 Countries on May 17, "Campaigns against Homophobia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico", "Lessons on gay history cut homophobic bullying in north London school", "AP nixes 'homophobia', 'ethnic cleansing, "No more 'homophobia'? Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. She states that the Bible has no condemnation for "loving, committed, gay and lesbian relationships" and that Jesus was silent on the subject. [96] According to the study, hatred of gay people, antisemitism, and racism are "likely companions". [citation needed] In the United States, a February 2012 Pew Research Center poll shows that Catholics support gay marriage by a margin of 52% to 37%. In Nazi Germany, gay men were persecuted and approximately five to fifteen thousand were imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps. "Couples' counseling is designed for problems that are mutual." Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. Economical cost in East Asia and Middle Asia was 10.85 billion dollars. This can include extreme repression and denial coupled with forced outward displays of heteronormative behavior for the purpose of appearing or attempting to feel "normal" or "accepted". Successful preventative strategies against homophobic prejudice and bullying in schools have included teaching pupils about historical figures who were gay, or who suffered discrimination because of their sexuality.[113]. Rings indicate local or case-by-case application. [76] According to Cheval et al. The official teaching of the Catholic Church regarding homosexuality is that same-sex behavior should not be expressed. [71], Some studies have shown that people who are homophobic are more likely to have repressed homosexual desires. [83], Various psychoanalytic theories explain homophobia as a threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical. Love is also a star in the sky. Abuse is not mutual. On the one hand, some look at it as just another of the many me-too social constructions that have arisen in the pseudoscience of victimology in recent decades. Kimmel, M. (1994). "[61] In September 1995, Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts. Available from: Intelligence Report, Winter 2010, Issue Number: 140, Anti-Gay Hate Crimes: Doing the Math by Mark Potok, Senior Fellow. Critics of the scales note that they presume a discomfort with non-heterosexuality which in itself enforces heternormativity. "[11] Moreover, in a Southern Poverty Law Center 2010 Intelligence Report extrapolating data from fourteen years (1995–2008), which had complete data available at the time, of the FBI's national hate crime statistics found that LGBT people were "far more likely than any other minority group in the United States to be victimized by violent hate crime. Nancy J. Chodorow states that homophobia can be viewed as a method of protection of male masculinity. In 2009, the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) published a report entitled State Sponsored Homophobia 2009,[37] which is based on research carried out by Daniel Ottosson at Södertörn University College, Stockholm, Sweden. [75] The researchers said that this explained why some religious leaders who denounce homosexuality are later revealed to have secret homosexual relations. Abusers do not do this. Whereas homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational capabilities, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) calls on all international health organizations, psychiatric organizations, and individual psychiatrists in other countries to urge the repeal in their own countries of legislation that penalizes homosexual acts by consenting adults in private. That is a shift upwards from 2010, when 46% of Catholics favored gay marriage. [24], However, when taken literally, homophobia may be a problematic term. Others were painted in Royal Borough of Greenwich. Rictor Norton; Louie Crew (ed.) [27], In 1992, the American Psychiatric Association, recognizing the power of the stigma against homosexuality, issued the following statement, reaffirmed by the Board of Trustees, July 2011:[28]. Spartacus International Gay Guide, page 1217. [105] A one-point increase in their LGBT Global Acceptance Index (GAI) showed an increase of $1,506 in GDP per capita; and one additional legal right was correlated with an increase of $1,694 in GDP per capita. Some argue that anti-LGBT prejudice is immoral and goes above and beyond the effects on that class of people. ", Robert Mugabe, the former president of Zimbabwe, waged a violent campaign against LGBT people, arguing that before colonisation, Zimbabweans did not engage in homosexual acts. [citation needed] In the United States, a February 2012 Pew Research Center poll shows that Catholics support gay marriage by a margin of 52% to 37%. Sonnet 73 - "That time of year thou mayst in me behold" Sonnet 87 - "Farewell! This interpretation alludes to the idea that a person may posit violent opposition to "the Other" as a means of establishing their own identity as part of the majority and thus gaining social validation. It was a religious fear and it had led to great brutality as fear always does. [20] Weinberg also used it this way in his 1972 book Society and the Healthy Homosexual,[21] published one year before the American Psychiatric Association voted to remove homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. [131] Beyond sexology there is no consensus as to the meaning of the term because it is also used to mean "fear of the opposite" such as in Pierre-André Taguieff's The Force of Prejudice: On Racism and Its Doubles (2001). AP raises the question", https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterophobia, Social Psychological and Personality Science, "Gender norms affect attitudes towards gay men and lesbian women globally", European Parliament resolution on homophobia in Europe, Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures, Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine, SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBT U.S. hate groups, Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany, Significant acts of violence against LGBT people, Racial bias in criminal news in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homophobia&oldid=1017757638, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [84], Disapproval of homosexuality and of gay people is not evenly distributed throughout society, but is more or less pronounced according to age, ethnicity, geographic location, race, sex, social class, education, partisan identification and religious status. [121][122][123], Use of homophobia, homophobic, and homophobe has been criticized as pejorative against LGBT rights opponents. [107] In March 2010, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation on measures to combat discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity, described by CoE Secretary General as the first legal instrument in the world dealing specifically with one of the most long-lasting and difficult forms of discrimination to combat. It found that the prejudice against gay people has a worldwide economic cost of $119.1 billion. "[96] A study performed in 2007 in the UK for the charity Stonewall reports that up to 90 percent of the population support anti-discrimination laws protecting gay and lesbian people. Sonnet 116, "Let me not to the marriage of true minds," is one of the most well-known of William Shakespeare's sonnets. [111] The four largest countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia) developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. The tendency of Republicans to view gay and lesbian people negatively could be based on homophobia, religious beliefs, or conservatism with respect to the traditional family. Further, APA calls on these organizations and individuals to do all that is possible to decrease the stigma related to homosexuality wherever and whenever it may occur. [92], In the United States, attitudes about people who are homosexual may vary on the basis of partisan identification. Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT). As mentioned before, the beliefs we hold true make up the fabric of our experiences. Even within some religions which generally discourage homosexuality, there are also people who view homosexuality positively, and some religious denominations bless or conduct same-sex marriages. All major Islamic sects forbid homosexuality, which is a crime under Sharia Law and treated as such in most Muslim countries. The researcher suggested that a 1% decrease in the level of homophobia is associated with a 10% increase in the gross domestic product per capita. In these countries there is a flight of their LGBT populations —with the consequent loss of talent—, as well as an avoidance of LGBT tourism, that leaves the pink money in LGBT-friendlier countries. 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