), Gregory W. Courtney, Peter S. Cranston, in, Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates (Fourth Edition), Use of soil dwelling Diptera (Insecta, Diptera) as bioindicators: a review of ecological requirements and response to disturbance, Invertebrate Biodiversity as Bioindicators of Sustainable Landscapes, Medical and Veterinary Entomology (Third Edition), Adams and Wolfner, 2007; Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Ravi Ram and Wolfner, 2007a; Xue and Noll, 2000, Heifetz et al., 2000; Ravi Ram and Wolfner, 2007a,b, Bretman et al., 2010; Lung and Wolfner, 2001, Isaac et al., 2010; Wigby and Chapman, 2005, Clark et al., 2006; Swanson and Vacquier, 2002; Vacquier, 1998, Clark et al., 2006; Panhuis et al., 2006; Swanson and Vacquier, 2002, Markow, 2002; Markow and Ankney, 1984; Pitnick et al., 1997, Almeida and DeSalle, 2009; Wagstaff and Begun, 2005, 2007, Suborder Brachycera, Infraorder Tabanomorpha. Their nonsperm components comprise a complex cocktail of molecules produced by male accessory glands and secretory tissues in the male ejaculatory duct. Muscidae and Hippoboscidae). TABLE III. Larvae of lower Diptera usually have a well-developed head, and pupae that somewhat resemble the adults. Many fly larvae are parasites or parasitoids of other animals.
Parasitoid species (things that parasitize a host, killing it in the process) infest many animals including other insects, worms, millipedes, and wood lice, to name a few. Some flies can only be determined to a certain species using the reproductive organs at/in the tip of the abdomen.
Venation of the fore (mesothoracic) flying wings ranges from complex to extremely simple. Most flies cannot bite you in aggression (only some robber flies and some rarely encountered horse fly larvae) so don't be afraid to lightly collect them using a paper towel or tissue - this will keep them intact. Since flies range in size from smaller than a freckle to over an inch or two, some are easier than others to capture in photos.
Since this page is just an introduction, please follow these links for specific information about these families: Lower Diptera (Nematocera): mosquitoes, crane flies, fungus gnats and relatives, Brachycera 1: horse flies, fruit flies, and relatives, Brachycera 2: house flies, blow flies, and relatives, Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Vols.
Traditionally Diptera had two suborders, Nematocera (craneflies, midges, mosquitoes, and gnats) with a slender, multisegmented antennal flagellum, and the heavier-built Brachycera (“higher flies” including hover flies, blow flies, and dung flies) with a shorter, stouter, and fewer-segmented antenna. In addition, many repleta species show an insemination reaction, consisting of an opaque mass that develops within the female vagina after mating.
11.1).
(1989) is adequate for identification of most North American Diptera to the family level. A large and successful group of Brachycera, called Cyclorrhapha, differs in that they have three larval instars and pupate in the last skin of the larva; their pupae often look like inflated larvae. This implies that Brachycera originated within lower Diptera.
The mouthparts of blood-feeding cyclorrhaphan adults are of the piercing-sucking (stylate haustellate) type. A morphological approach to identification that has proven useful in the Diptera, particularly with the Cyclorrhapha, is the characteristic appearance of male genitalia. This may seem confusing until you consider that you are already familiar with many common types of true flies: house flies, horse flies, blow flies, and mosquitoes (also flies). Taxonomic Classification and Families of Diptera of Interest to Medical and Veterinary Entomologists. Dipterans are holometabolous, and readily recognized by the development of hind (metathoracic) wings as balancers, or halteres (halters), and in the larval stages by lack of true legs and the often maggot-like appearance. Cyclorrhaphans, united by their pupation within a puparium formed by the last larval instar cuticle, include a heterogeneous aschizan group including Phoridae and Syrphidae (hoverflies) and the Schizophora defined by the presence of a balloon-like ptilinum that everts from the frons to assist the adult escape the puparium. They usually have a dark, definable head. Some families of aquatic Diptera have been important in water quality and bioassessment studies to classify the degree of pollution in a water body.
Monophyly of Brachycera, comprising “higher flies,” is established by features including in the larva the posterior elongation of the head into the prothorax, the divided mandible, and loss of premandible, and in the adult by the eight or fewer antennal flagellomeres, two or fewer palp segments, and separation of the male genitalia into two parts (epandrium and hypandrium). For other flies the genitalia must be dissected to see the internal parts.
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