Ils se démarquent par leur qualité irréprochable et leur goût aromatisé. Furthermore, unlike direct species collection, eDNA does not provide any physiological or health information for the detected organisms (Thomsen & Willerslev, 2015). We thank Melania Cristescu and Guang Zhang for their help in primer selection and Frederic Chain and Yiyuan Li for the pipeline development, Cecilia Hernandez for laboratory assistance, and Jérôme Laroche from IBIS for the development of bioinformatics pipelines. Individual specimens from traditional sampling methods and eDNA were collected at 13 subtidal stations (≤20 m at low tide) in three commercial harbors of the Canadian Arctic in summer (Figure 1). All analyses were performed at the genus level to facilitate comparisons between the approaches since only ~60% and 80% of the invertebrate taxa could be identified to species level with species collections and the eDNA approach, respectively. It is difficult to draw general patterns based on the life histories of organisms since species or genera differ substantially and there is a general lack of knowledge for life histories, including their reproduction periods, of many marine invertebrates inhabiting the Arctic. This study compares metabarcoding of COI mitochondrial and 18S rRNA genes from environmental DNA (eDNA) water samples with standard invertebrate species collection methods to document community patterns at multiple spatial scales. Zooplankton samples were taken at 10 of the 13 stations where eDNA was sampled, whereas benthic trawl and Van Veen grab samples were taken at all 13 stations. In our study, the very cold Arctic waters may further contribute to reducing DNA degradation, thus providing more time for dispersion over larger distances compared to what has been previously reported at more temperate latitudes (Jeunen et al., 2019). As a philanthropic venture, inquire on how eDNA can be free. Sampling kits included bottles and a filter housing sterilized with a 10% bleach solution and new sterilized gloves, syringes, and tweezers sealed in a transparent plastic bag. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is organismal DNA that can be found in the environment. For eDNA, highest dissimilarity among stations was found in Iqaluit (0.37 ± 0.005), followed by Deception Bay (0.33 ± 0.005) and Churchill (0.31 ± 0.004), while the opposite trend was observed for species collections (Churchill: 0.84 ± 0.008; Deception Bay: 0.62 ± 0.01; Iqaluit: 0.58 ± 0.007). Here, our results suggested a greater affinity of COI primers for Annelids, Arthropods, and Echinoderms relative to 18S primers, as previously reported by Drummond et al. Lastly, gamma diversity refers to the species assemblage of large areas, for example, regional diversity (Socolar et al., 2015), and is expressed in the same units as alpha diversity (Laurila‐Pant, Lehikoinen, Uusitalo, & Venesjärvi, 2015). The number of invasive species has more than tripled since the beginning of the century in North America and in northern environments (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; UNEP, 2006). Example sources of eDNA include, but are not limited to, feces, mucus, gametes, shed skin, carcasses and hair.
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