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12–22 in 2014 USRDS Annual Data Report Volume 1.

Food and Chemical Toxicology 47:425–432. Nonprotein amino acid canavanine in alfalfa sprouts, which can be neurotoxic. New York: RFF Press. The committee heard from some members of the public and some invited speakers that ailments of gastrointestinal origin could be caused by GE crops or their associated technologies or by foods derived from GE crops. Treutter, D. 2006. Safety testing of GM-rice expressing PHA-E lectin using a new animal test design. 2014.

Gannon, B., C. Kaliwile, S.A. Arscott, S. Schmaelzle, J. Chileshe, N. Kalungwana, M. Mosonda, K. Pixley, C. Masi, and S.A. Tanumihardjo. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. However, there was no significant response in weaning mice that were fed for 90 days, which they related to further maturation of the immune system. If Golden Rice is found to be safe and efficacious, a sustainable delivery program will ensure that Golden Rice is acceptable and accessible to those most in need.”8. Additionally, acid-suppression medications are frequently used for treatment of dyspeptic disorders.” Trikha et al. Smith (2003:39) made the claim that “diabetes rose by 33 percent from 1990 to 1998, lymphatic cancers are up, and many other illnesses are on the rise. Aflatoxins are considered by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (2014) to be “human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.” They are also associated with many other illnesses and considered a global health problem (Wild and Gong, 2010).

Dermal tests that showed no dermal or systemic toxicity after repeated applications to rabbits at the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg-day. 2014. Walsh, M.C. Collec-. As discussed in the article, there was no relationship between the treatment dose and the number of tumors in females, even in the case of direct glyphosate feeding through water dispensers in which the range of concentration was from 0.50 mg/L to 2,250 mg/L.
Council on Science and Public Health of the American Medical Association House of Delegates. That possibility has been investigated in animal studies that examined immune system bio-markers and epithelial cell integrity (see section “Beyond Rodent Studies” above and Walsh et al., 2011). Food and Chemical Toxicology 65:391. New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. Chae, J.W. 2014.

Young.

In 2014, USDA deregulated a low-acrylamide potato produced by Simplot Plant Sciences (USDA–APHIS, 2014c) on the basis of nonplant pest status. Nature 505:559–563.

Dietary modulation of gut microbiota contributes to alleviation of both genetic and simple obesity in children. The committee was able to find data on the incidence of celiac disease in the United Kingdom (West et al., 2014; Figure 5-11) and a detailed study conducted by the Mayo Clinic in one county in Minnesota (Murray et al., 2003; Ludvigsson et al., 2013). GE maize that produces Bt toxins is engineered to decrease insect-pest damage, but a secondary effect could be a decrease in contamination of maize kernels by fungi that produce mycotoxins, such as fumonisins, that at high concentrations could impair human health. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52:596–602. Litten-Brown, J.C., A.M. Corson, and L. Clarke.

2000. 1998. (2012) noted that recombinant plant DNA fragments were detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of nonruminant animals but not detected in blood or other tissues, although some nonrecombinant plant DNA could be found. All generations of female and male rats were fed the assigned diets, and the third-generation offspring that were fed the diets were sacrificed after 3.5 months for analysis. Huang, J., R. Hu, S. Rozelle, and C. Pray.

EC (European Commission). Zhang, C., A. Yin, H. Li, R. Wang, G. Wu, J. Shen, M. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Houb, H. Ouyang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zheng, J. Wang, X. Lv, Y. Wang, F. Zhang, B. Zeng, W. Li, F. Yan, Y. Zhao, X. Pang, X. Zhang, H. Fu, F. Chen, N. Zhao, B.R. 2013.

Sequence-based analysis of the intestinal Microbiota of sows and their offspring fed genetically modified maize expressing a truncated form of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab protein (Bt Maize). A Decade of EU-funded GMO Research (2001–2010). Report on Carcinogens, Thirteenth Edition. Acute toxicity tests (short-term dosing of a small number of mice or rats for up to 2 weeks) are often done to establish a dose range for the longer-term studies. 2014. Bøhn, T., M. Cuhra, T. Traavik, M. Sanden, J. Fagan, and R. Primicerio. American Journal of Gastroenterology 107:1248–1255. Guertler, P., V. Paul, C. Albrecht, and H.H.D. Sinden, S.L., and R.E.

Butler, D. October 11, 2012. McCoy, F-.E. It appears to have increased similarly in the United Kingdom, where GE foods are not typically consumed and glyphosate use did not increase. For example, the amount of the Bt protein Cry1Ab detected by immunoassay in tortillas depends on cooking time (de Luis et al., 2009).

Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Safety Assessment of Foods and Feeds Derived from Transgenic Crops, Volume 2, Novel Food and Feed Safety. The most rigorous assessments of the effects of those high–beta-carotene varieties were conducted with orange-fleshed sweet potato (high in beta-carotene) in farming areas of Mozambique and Uganda. Fonseca, C., S. Planchon, J. Renaut, M.M. ducted by the developer company, Monsanto” because the authors’ re-analysis of the Hammond et al. 2013. There is a logical expectation that a decrease in the number of insecticide applications would lead to lower farm-worker exposure and therefore lower health burden, especially in countries where acute poisonings due to applicator exposure are common. The discovery of genetics was do to the extensive experimentation and studies of Gregor Mendel on various pea plants. Nemeth, A., A. Wurz, L. Artim, S. Charlton, G. Dana, K. Glenn, P. Hunst, J. Jennings, R. Shilito, and P. Song. Strachan, and H.R. It is also not unusual, given the high sensitivity of today’s analytical equipment, for proteins or fragments to be detected in minute amounts in different body fluids. Some countries exempt products from labeling if GE protein or DNA is not detectable.

2014. Surveillance, Epidemology and End Results (SEER) Program.

Onose, J., T. Imai, M. Hasumura, M. Ueda, Y. Ozeki, and M. Hirose. The sophistication of the studies has increased (Ibáñez et al., 2015) and is likely to increase further.

Lancet Oncology 16:490–491. Plant Physiology 155:1752–1761. The testing does not cover endogenous allergens whose concentrations have been increased by unintended effects of genetic engineering. 2014. 2015.

Composition of Processed Genetically Engineered Foods. However, the committee concluded that this topic has not been adequately explored. (The data for North America [high, income] and western Europe are different from those in the studies above on the incidence of cancer in the United States and the United Kingdom.). IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Wright, J.J. Marois, and D. Wilson. Davis, R.K., G.T. Murray. Ibáñez, C., C. Simó, V. García-Cañas, T. Acunha, and A. Cifuentes. The old way of doing this was through selective, genes were discovered, scientists have been trying to disclose the mysteries of them. PLoS One 7:e33668. To ensure that allergens did not remain in the food system, the Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods report called for a two-step process of precommercialization testing and post-commercialization testing. Stevenson, and K.A. Hemolytic triterpene saponins in many legume species, which can increase the permeability of red blood cell membranes. Both Golden Rice varieties underwent preliminary assessment inside the greenhouse prior to planting in confined field tests.

With HR crops, there are regulatory processes for the plant itself and separate regulatory processes for the new kind of exposure that can accompany spraying of a herbicide on a crop or on a growth stage of a crop that has never been sprayed prior to availability of the GE variety. The introduction of a Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) cotton changed the ecosystem in such a way that pests, which were normally not sensitive to the Bt toxin began thriving in the cotton fields (Pelletier, 2010). Journal of Economic Entomology 107:1818–1827. of direct consumption of glyphosate. Toasting bread also produces acrylamide. Plant Physiology 165:948–961.

(2011) published data on breast and cervical cancer incidence worldwide from 1980 to 2010. Seok, S.S. Kim, S.J. Acrylamide is produced in starchy foods when they are cooked at high temperatures. Recombinant DNA technology has become a powerful influence to many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. De Moura, Y. Islam, and W.H. It should be noted that for many people reduced acrylamide in potatoes is expected to lower overall acrylamide intake substantially, but many foods contain acrylamide (FDA, 2000b, revised 2006).

2004.

Strategy support for the post-market monitoring (PMM) of GM plants: Review of existing PPM strategies developed for the safety assessment of human and animal health.

Plant DNA has not been demonstrated to be incorporated into animal cells; however, it has been shown to be transferred in prokaryotes (bacteria). Rome: World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization. The differences were considered to be small and within the range of published values for other soybean varieties. These time-series data do not prove that there is no association, but if one is present, it is not strong. conventional plant breeding technologies.” European Commission (2010a). Jolly, J.K. Stiles, C.M. Assessment of the health impact of GM plant diets in long-term and multigenerational animal feeding trials: A literature review. Self-reporting of lifetime allergic responses to each of the most common food allergens (milk, egg, wheat, soy, peanut, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish) ranges from 1 to 6 percent of the population (Nwaru et al., 2014).

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