London: King’s Fund, 1981, 142. It is the story of the NHS, how it was set up, what happened next, and why. Hospitals had few consultants, specialisation being in its infancy. 1834 to the present day. The politician was concerned with the general consequences of individual decisions. Watkin B. Antiserum was one of the few active treatments available to the GP, and if given within 24 hours of onset, the results were excellent.
Hospital Survey – the hospital services of the Sheffield and East Midlands area. Senior staff and matrons were to blame for this. Many doctors had received state funds through the Lloyd George national insurance scheme, but now they were even more dependent on government for their incomes and the resources at their command. As a result, true professional views and the importance of new developments did not always emerge. Britain’s health: based on the PEP report. The voluntary hospitals disliked their loss of independence. It was therefore impossible to cut tissue under water, important in bladder surgery. This worked fairly well as long as the stools were solid, but not for urine or the contents of the upper intestine. With the advent of the NHS, the work of health visitors was expanded to the health of the household as a whole, advice on the care of people who were ill and measures to prevent the spread of infection.57 Maternity and child welfare remained the centre of their work, which was usually based in a local authority clinic. Himsworth H. On the integration of expert knowledge into the machinery of government. Ministry of Health. NHS. The consultants and the ward sisters therefore came to know each other’s ways, and to trust and be loyal to each other. Increasingly, however, provincial and non-teaching hospitals were becoming recognised as leaders; for example, by 1940 the Birmingham Accident Hospital was pre-eminent in trauma and the first Chair of plastic surgery was held by Thomas Kilner in Oxford.
In his Cavendish lecture of 1918, Bertrand Dawson, a physician at the London Hospital and a military doctor during the war, described how a health service could be co-ordinated. Black D. Medicine and politics. HMCs might be developed on a functional rather than a locality basis. An extreme right party believes that beyond securing the proper education of doctors, and providing a sanitary service to safeguard the drains and control epidemics, the state should leave the medical profession alone to carry out its beneficent work in absolute independence of all government control.
It disagreed with Wood’s accent on ‘health’ nursing, and with the shorter two-year course.
Teaching hospitals and their schools encouraged a feeling of esprit de corps. With the advance of science and specialisation, a patient had not one, but many doctors. If it mattered enough, there was always a way of contacting the doctor sooner or later. At Paddington General, the legs of the cots in the maternity department stood in tins of oil to discourage the cockroaches from crawling up. The academics were alarmed but Aneurin Bevan, the Labour Minister of Health, was under fire from so many quarters that he was loath to accept any more amendments to his Bill. The three main problems were: shortage of beds as a result of poor buildings and equipment; shortage of consultants; and poor patient accessibility to both beds and consultants. This centred around the question of the slant of research, basic and biomedical or operational and immediately applicable to common health problems. Drawing on proposals in the surveys, the regions were seen as an aggregation of ‘hospital centres’, serving areas determined by geography, population density and transport facilities. Other exclusions apply and other plans are available. If many remembered the period as a golden age, that was perhaps because it suited almost everyone very well.85. (Chairman: Sir Will Spens.) The detailed proposals were often suspect but one point of great importance emerged from all – the idea of a general hospital providing all the ordinary range of specialties for a natural population, linked with regional specialty centres. The profession in general maintained that its support for a national health service was not in question, but that particular proposals worried them. Many of us have associations with the between-the-wars health service; a great patchwork, a good deal of good intentions, a great deal of inadequacies. These devoted individualists are prepared to die in the last ditch before they will sacrifice the smallest outpost of professional liberty. However, if the question concerned the treatment of many similar patients, the Minister might not know the answers but he had to find out. But, for the first time, the country got away from designing hospitals of some empirically determined size, and was attempting to look at how best to provide services for a community.64. In 1948 MOsH remained with their local authorities, but six in England became the senior administrative medical officers (SAMOs) of the new RHBs. Unlike the GPs, the consultants were content to be employees. Continuous flow biochemical analysis developed in Birmingham by Whitehead opened up the prospects for automation in biochemistry.
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